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Ethiopia is facing a security crisis, nearly four years after an agreement ended a civil war that killed hundreds of thousands of people.
Renewed fighting in the north is rooted in unresolved political disputes, security concerns and territorial rivalries.
It’s raising fears the conflict could spill across Ethiopia’s borders, drawing in Eritrea, Egypt and Sudan.
Al Jazeera’s Hamza Mohamed explains.
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<br>• Massacres and Targeted Ethnic Violence: Across regions such as Oromia and Benishangul-Gumuz, non-state armed groups (most notably the Oromo Liberation Army) and local militias have repeatedly conducted ethnically motivated massacres against minority Amhara populations. Severe attacks in places like Tole (West Wollega) and Metekel resulted in hundreds of civilian deaths, mass displacement, and the widespread destruction of property and livestock. Victims and human rights organizations have repeatedly criticized federal and regional authorities for failing to intervene, protect civilians, or hold perpetrators accountable.
<br>• Military Operations & Drone Strikes in Amhara Region: Since full-scale conflict erupted in 2023 between the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) and local Amhara Fano fighters, government forces have faced heavy criticism for excessive force. State-of-emergency declarations led to widespread arbitrary detentions, extrajudicial executions during house-to-house searches, and frequent drone strikes. Rights groups have verified that government airstrikes and drone attacks have repeatedly struck non-military targets—including public squares, schools, residential neighborhoods, and ambulances—causing significant civilian casualties.
<br>• Violence Against the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church: The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (EOTC)—which holds deep historical and cultural ties to the Amhara community—has faced unprecedented pressure and violence. Clergy and congregants have suffered targeted killings, church burnings, and armed raids, particularly during ethno-religious clashes and administrative schisms in the Oromia region. Security forces have also been implicated in using lethal force against Orthodox parishioners and clergy defending church property.
<br>The combination of unchecked ethnic massacres, state-directed military operations targeting civilian areas, and repeated attacks on religious heritage has resulted in thousands of lost lives, millions of internally displaced persons, and a humanitarian crisis threatening the security of the Amhara people.